![]() Data was excluded if it described products that were not approved and available for patients to use in the United States in 2020 for the intended implantation in spine. Searches included terms such as “spinal cord stimulation” “dorsal column stimulation.” Title and abstracts were iteratively reviewed for relevance with particular emphasis placed on high-quality health-care market assessments and product details provided by either device manufactures or independent, non-biased sources (e.g., FDA and other government agencies). Internet search tools including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google scholar, and Google were used to identify SCS products. As such, the study did not require Internal Review Board approval. ![]() This study only gathered data that was publicly available. ![]() The intention of the review is that it will be a periodically updated resource that will reflect changes in available SCS products. The purpose of this review is to succinctly present the unique and differentiating aspects of commonly available SCS systems currently available on the US market. There exists a number of different products available in the US, each with its own unique features, indications, and limitations. The rapid development of SCS systems over time necessitate continuously updated reviews of available hardware ( 7). The utilization of SCS therapy for the treatment of chronic painful conditions continues in the US due to well-documented efficacy. $3,994) but increases in health-care-related quality of life and EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) scores at 6 months ( 6). The use of SCS for the treatment of neuropathic leg and LBP was associated with higher upfront costs compared to conventional medical therapy ($19,486 vs. The use of older, non-rechargeable implanted pulse generators (IPGs) was associated with similar incremental cost utilization ratio (ICUR) compared to surgical reoperation for the treatment of LBP (0.59 vs. SCS represents a continuously evolving technology with evidence for cost-effective management of cLBP. The two major considerations when choosing a spinal cord stimulation (SCS) system are efficacy, which is often equivalent to spine surgery, and cost, which is substantially less than spine surgery. The 12 month health-care expenditures of adult patients with LBP in the US was found to be $25,613 (95% confidence interval $25,569–$25,657) among patients who underwent spine surgery compared to $795 ($790–800) among patients who chose non-surgical treatments ( 4). The treatment of cLBP pain represents a major financial burden on the US health-care system. There is concern that as the US population ages and attains increasing risk factors for the development of cLBP, there will be a need for increased treatments ( 3). The lifetime prevalence of acute LBP is nearly 80% in the United States ( 2). Several factors have been identified to confer a more than doubling of the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of cLBP including being between 50 and 69 years old (aOR 2.03–2.07), having less than a high school education (aOR 2.27), having an annual household income < $20,000 (aOR 2.29), income derived primarily from disability (aOR 2.62), depression (aOR 3.30–10.62 depending on severity), sleep disturbances (aOR 3.90), and other medical comorbidities (aOR 2.49–6.09) ( 1). The point prevalence of chronic low back pain (cLBP) among all adults in the United States (US) is 13.1% ( 1). Here we present a brief survey of currently available SCS hardware in the US and the features that make each product unique. Outcomes: As of 2020, there are nine commonly used SCS platforms made by four manufacturers including four SCS units from Abbott, three from Boston Scientific, and one each from Medtronic and Nevro.Ĭonclusions: A working understanding of each SCS product's nuances is needed for selecting the most appropriate device with which to manage chronic pain patients. We then reviewed published device specifications and manuals for comparison of features. Measures: We used market analysis techniques to survey the currently available SCS technology. There are an even greater number of similar and overlapping features between SCS. Each marketed stimulator has several unique features, indications, and limitations, which distinguish one from the other and makes the selection of appropriate hardware possible for optimal patient care.
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The most significant maternal risk of term PROM is intra-uterine infection, a risk that increases with the duration of membrane rupture. Membrane rupture that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation is referred to as preterm PROM (PPROM). Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is defined as rupture of membranes before the onset of labor. Tearing or rupture of membranes (ROM) normally occurs during labor. Magnetic resonance (eg, proton) imaging, fetal, including placental and maternal pelvic imaging when performed single or first gestationĭuring pregnancy, the fetal membrane protects the developing fetus and its surrounding amniotic fluid from infection. O00.00 - O08.9, O10.011 - O26.93 O29.011 - O30.019, O30.031 - O35.6xx+ O36.011+ - O9a.53Ĭomplications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperiumĮncounter for other specified antenatal screening įunctional placental magnetic resonance imaging: ICD-10 codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB (not all-inclusive): HCPCS codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB:īiobeat Monitoring Platform - no specific code ![]() Ultrasound, elastography parenchyma (eg, organ)Įvaluation of cervicovaginal fluid for specific amniotic fluid protein(s) (eg, placental alpha microglobulin-1, placental protein 12, alpha-fetoprotein), qualitative, each specimen Ultrasound, pregnant uterus, real time with image documentation, fetal and maternal evaluation plus detailed fetal anatomic examination, transabdominal approach single or first gestationĮach additional gestation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure) Magnetic resonance (eg, vibration) elastography ![]() Placental alpha-micro globulin-1 (PAMG-1), immunoassay with direct optical observation, cervico-vaginal fluid, each specimen Codes requiring a 7th character are represented by "+":ĬPT codes not covered for indications listed in the CPB:Įvaluation of vaginal microbiome profiles, fusion MRI imaging, magnetic resonance elastography, optical coherence elastography, optical coherence tomography or shear wave elastography - no specific codes: Information in the below has been added for clarification purposes. 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Predictor-Corrector and Runge Kutta MethodsĬhapter 23. Ordinary Differential Equation - Initial Value Problems ![]() Numerical Differentiation Problem Statementįinite Difference Approximating DerivativesĪpproximating of Higher Order DerivativesĬhapter 22. Least Square Regression for Nonlinear Functions Least Squares Regression Derivation (Multivariable Calculus) Least Squares Regression Derivation (Linear Algebra) Least Squares Regression Problem Statement Solve Systems of Linear Equations in PythonĮigenvalues and Eigenvectors Problem Statement Linear Algebra and Systems of Linear Equations Errors, Good Programming Practices, and DebuggingĬhapter 14. Inheritance, Encapsulation and PolymorphismĬhapter 10. Variables and Basic Data StructuresĬhapter 7. Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 1.Python Programming And Numerical Methods: A Guide For Engineers And ScientistsĬhapter 2. 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